Type above and press Enter to search. Regiment - Valley Forge Muster Roll Took the oath and went to MURRAY, His only record is a slip showing his parole at Louisa C.H., 5/15/65. : Lt. Col. of Virginia troops, April Several things make the record suspect. Asst. David and James Ashby left their homes in Accomack County to serve together in Captain Daviss Company. HOME | 9thvirginia Isaiah Bagwell of Captain Gilchrists Company was sick in the hospital when the battle occurred. [25]McGuire, The Philadelphia Campaign, 2:132. Our work has been featured by the New York Times, TIME magazine, History Channel, Discovery Channel, Smithsonian, Mental Floss, NPR, and more. The Brigade reached here about noon and took an active part in the fight until it ended. In July 1775, the Third Virginia Convention passed an ordinance to create two regiments of regulars and fifteen battalion for minute service. RANKIN, Colonel Mathews and his men of the 9th Virginia remained near Market Square to guard prisoners and some of the men were pillaging the British camps for food. were furnished transportation to Baltimore. His only record is of being captured on 6/3/64 on the Chickahominy; ten days The only document in Lacey's file is a parole slip dated at Richmond, 4/26/65. Upon discovery, the soldier told Clark to come out damned Rebel and Clark became a prisoner of war. [16]Joynes, Thomas R. Memoranda Made by Thomas R. Joynes on a Journey to the States of Ohio and Kentucky, 1810, The William and Mary Quarterly10, no. var sc_partition=15; It fought in many conflicts from Seven Pines to Gettysburg and after serving in North Carolina participated in the Battle of Drewry's Bluff. At the age of 16, in 1775, William Armstrong enlisted in the 9th Virginia Regiment and fought in the Revolutionary War, later serving with General Washington; he fought in "The Battle of Guilford". Obituary notice declared that Stanley had served in the 9th Virginia Cavalry, Neck. M.: Conscript enrolled on 3/7/64 and assigned to 9th Cav. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. 9th Virginia Cavalry Regiment - Wikipedia Provost Nelson, remained prisoners of war as late as 1783; he died on the way home to Accomack County after the Revolution. d. Dec. 23, 1905. bur. By February 1777, Mathews was promoted to colonel of the 9th Virginia Regiment. Appointed 4/10/62. [22]Elijah Hickman Pension, VAS1511, Southern Campaign American Revolution Pension Statements and Rosters. [14]General Orders, 3 October 1777, founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-11-02-0403. It was again reorganized and redesignated as the 7th Virginia Regiment on 1 January 1781 to consist of two companies. The regiment was . Paroled 5/8/65 on Northern The remaining six regiments (the 10th through 15th Virginia Regiments) were entirely new. 9th Virginia Regiment (Revolutionary War) FamilySearch If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. This possibly could have been Fifer James Parsons, who remembered escaping capture at the battle. of Richmond Co. STANLEY, On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Disbanded in November 1779. were furnished transportation to Baltimore. No further record. accounts. No other records. In the winter, the men were not given blankets and they suffered from exposure. he resided in Wheeling and was captured at Petersburg, 4/24/65, and released Newspaper obituary identifies him The unit reported 47 casualties at Drewry's Bluff, and many captured at Five Forks and Sayler's Creek, and surrendered 2 officers and 37 men on April 9, 1865. The unit was captured on May 12, 1780 by the British Army at the Siege of Charleston and was disbanded on November 15, 1783. No other record. 5'6" tall. As is frequent, with departmental staff officers of the 9th Cavalry, Before the battle, orders were given that twenty men from each brigade who were unfit for march or lacked shoes to remain in camp. Army Confederate Armies & Departments Confederate Regiments & Batteries Arkansas Alabama other records. Lee's, Chambliss', and Beale's Brigade, Army of Northern Virginia. The unit was adopted into the Continental Army on May 31, 1776. : GW had indicated the need for a current return of the 9th Virginia Regiment when he wrote Gov. This man is shown as a prisoner at Camp Chase, Ohio, in Aug.Sept. 9th Virginia Infantry Regiment - The Civil War in the East View Our Guestbook Like many units, the 9th Virginia saw family members joining together. Market Place, now Market Square, Germantown, PA, c. 1905 (Library of Congress). Maj. Gen. John Sullivan wrote that the regiment had about one hundred men who were captured. Major Scott who had his arm broken was with us and many others wounded and in short, it was a seane of carnage.[24] Surrounded and with much of the regiment already killed or wounded, the last of the 9th Virginia was captured. Josephus Zechariah Gregory [6th Great Uncle] He enlisted in the 9th Virginia Infantry" Required fields are marked *. Historic cannon sent to Philadelphia helps Fort Jefferson U.S. Military Academy. The only record on this : This man is shown as Capt, and AQM of the regimen, on one pay voucher. He was discharged at Valley Forge. dropped at the April 1862 reorganization. Battle Unit Details - The Civil War (U.S. National Park Service) After being attacked on all sides and Mathews wounded, the regiment surrendered near Kellys Hill together with part of the 6th Virginia Regiment. other records. 1861. While some accounts claim that Colonel Mathews ordered the attack, there is also evidence that he was ordered to the attack by General Stephens. At least sixteen men of the 9th Virginia preferred to enlist in Loyalist regiments rather than remain prisoners of war.[30]. RANDOLPH, The regiment surrendered 1 officer and 26 enlisted men. Thomas Fleming of Goochland County, a veteran of the French and Indian War and wealthy landowner, was commissioned the first colonel of the regiment, with George Mathews as lieutenant colonel, and Matthew Donovan was appointed major, though he died after only a month in service.[3]. Other men, like Cpl. It fought mostly with theArmy of Northern Virginia. Colored Troops Infantry Regiment in uniform] / J.W. Nelson Co. Randolph had been surgeon with Cobbs Legion and the 5th N.C. While most of General Stephens division shifted toward the fighting around the Cliveden House, Muhlenbergs men, including the 9th Virginia, drove back the British 1st Battalion of Light Infantry. Conscript enrolled on 3/7/64 and assigned to 9th Cav. T.M. The British troops found that the Virginians had been ransacking their camp and this only enraged the British more. 7/13/64. GEORGE: 9TH VIRGINIA REGIMENT Stirling's Division | Muhlenberg's Brigade | 9th Virginia Regiment History Organized February-March 1776 on Eastern Shore from Accomac, Northampton, Goochland, Albemarle, and Augusta Counties. Lees Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of Northern Virginia. GREY, Stoddart; Philadelphia, 1877), 48. 9th Regiment, Virginia Infantry Overview: 9th Infantry Regiment completed its organization at Portsmouth, Virginia, in July, 1861. The unit was adopted into the Continental Army on May 31, 1776. Virginias 9th Cavalry Regiment was formed in January, 1862, using John E. Johnson's eight company 1st Battalion, Virginia Cavalry ("Lee's Legion") as its nucleus. until he was The 9th Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. No other record. SETTLE, 9th Cavalry Regiment was formed in January, 1862, using the 1st Battalion Virginia Cavalry as its nucleus. In their retreat, the Virginians lost nearly all their prisoners and the wagons that had been captured earlier. The 9th Virginia Regiment of 1776, as a unit, had ceased to exist. Did the British keep records of their prisoners and their deaths? In response to this, the Third Virginia Convention amended the July 1775 Ordinance and disbanded the minute companies. Muhlenberg and his brigade were engaged in the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, but records of their involvement are scarce. : It fought in the Seven Days' Battles and the conflicts at Gainesville, Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Dumfries, Rapidan Station, Brandy Station, Upperville, Hanover, Gettysburg, Williamsport, Funkstown, and Culpeper Court House. The only record on Rankin is of his parole at Northumberland C.H., 5/8/65. Resident b. June 1838 in Albemarle Co. off. Cumming also served with the 63rd Georgia JOHNSON, The Fleming Family (Continued), The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography24, no. [2] While the other eight regiments being raised for continental service in Virginia were raised with ten companies, the 9th Virginia was originally raised with only seven companies. At the Winchester re-arrangement January 1, 1783, it was decided that the Virginia soldiers whose terms had not run out were more than sufficient to make one regiment, so a 2d was formed to be under a major-commandant, consisting of two . 9th Virginia Regiment, 1776-1779 Box 6 Folder 1 Back to Top. : [39]Journal of the House of Delegates of the Commonwealth of Virginia (Thomas W. White; Richmond, VA 1827), 85; James Ashby Land Bounty Record. The flag of the ceremonial 2nd Pennsylvania Regiment, Corps of the Continental Line, is carried in the background. Newspaper obituary identifies him CHARLES W.: This article about a specific military unit of the American Civil War is a stub. The British 4th Regiment of Foot advanced toward the Virginians and from behind fence rails along Church Lane, the Virginians ambushed them. Bolstered by the success of the Northern Army near Saratoga around the same time, Washington challenged his men to not let themselves be out done by their northern Brethren.[14] Each soldier was ordered to prepare three days rations and given forty rounds with good flints. : Colonel Fleming had died of smallpox in January 1777 and was replaced by George Mathews. The9th Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regimentwas aninfantryregimentraised inVirginiafor service in theConfederate States Armyduring theAmerican Civil War. The 9th Virginia Regiment of 1776, as a unit, had ceased to exist. [36]Isaiah Bagwell Pension, S6550, Southern Campaign American Revolution Pension Statements and Rosters. C.H., June 11, 1905. This unit reported 32 casualties at Upperville, lost four percent of the 490 engaged at Gettysburg, and had 22 disabled at Williamsport. Previous Engagements: Chesapeake Bay, Northern New Jersey, Defense of Philadelphia. on oath on 5/30/65. I know versions of his diary exist elsewhere, but the war time entries can be found, Thank you for sharing that, Adam. Capt. Please enable JavaScript on your browser to best view this site. During the war it was attached to General Armistead's, Barton's, and Steuart's Brigade, Army of Northern Virginia. Designated as the 9th Virginia, it was sometimes referred to early in the war as the Eastern Shore Regiment due to its station and the number of recruits from that region. W.G. The overpowered Virginians tried to fight their way out with the bayonet and ran as fast as they could to escape the trap. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia. No other records. Deserter, took the oath on 9/7/64, and was sent to Philadelphia. Sign Our Guestbook. Surgeon of the regiment, relieved of duties on 6/12/62, due to the [41] After the Revolution, John Cropper, who had risen to the rank of colonel, made a list of the men he had recruited in Accomack County for the 9th Virginia. BOGGS, Twenty-one years ago our original members played an important role in the formation of the nucleus of what is now the large organization of reenactors known as the Northwest Civil War Council . Later the unit was involved in the Petersburg siege north of the James River and the Appomattox Campaign. Surgeon of the regiment, relieved of duties on 6/12/62, due to the The regiment participated in the Battle of Brandywine and the Battle of Germantown. The only record is of his desertion on 7/22/64. The 9th Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Armyduring the American Civil War. Thomas B. Taylor of Captain Gilchrists Company was wounded by two musket balls in his leg. It was subsequently organized between February 5 and March 16, 1776 and comprised seven companies of troops from easternmost Virginia. HARRIS, We elect our officers and board members at yearly elections. No other record. On the creation of the 9th Virginia Regiment in the Continental Army in January 1776, he was commissioned lieutenant colonel. The officers and men were imprisoned at two places in Philadelphia. Entered Valley Forge with the5th Virginia Regimentand the1st Virginia Regiment. In April 1862, two periods of recruitments were made with the earlier at Cottageville. Physician. [30]Based on a survey of American and British muster rolls by Todd W. Braisted. This failed when the guards realized that one more woman exited the jail than had entered. The regiment was assigned to Cavalry, Aquia District, Army of Northern Virginia. brigade of Brigadier General Fitzhugh Lee, W.H.F. : L.B. It was subsequently organized between February 5 and March 16, 1776, and comprised seven companies of troops from easternmost Virginia. The only record in Short's file documents his desertion near Suffolk on For many who marched out of Accomack County into Maryland, this was their last time seeing their homeland. The regiment participated in the Battle of Brandywine and the Battle of Germantown. It left the field after nightfall. Lt. Samuel Waples recollected that Colonel Matthews was so severely wounded with the bayonets, and Lieutenant Colonel John Seares killed. JAVASCRIPT IS DISABLED. The officers, such as Lieutenant Waples, were taken to the Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall) and remained there during the British occupation of Philadelphia. [41]Provost Nelson Bounty Land Warrant, VAS375, Southern Campaign American Revolution Pension Statements and Rosters. JOHN H.: The only record on Rankin is of his parole at Northumberland C.H., 5/8/65. It surrendered 1 officer and 26 men. The only record an this man is a rather peculiar Federal document stating that The regiment was assigned to Cavalry, Aquia District, Army of Northern Virginia. Captains John Cropper, Levin Joynes, Thomas Snead, George Gilchrist, Thomas Parramore, and John Poulson commanded the companies from Accomack County, while Capt. Paroled at Burkesville Jct., April 14-17, 1865. : b. Aug. 25, 1846. This man is shown as a prisoner at Camp Chase, Ohio, in Aug.Sept. A Living History Organization in the Pacific Northwest. is probably garbled or bogus. [10]Lyon G. Tyler, The Old Virginia Line in the Middle States during the American Revolution, Tylers Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine, Vol. J.P.: It brought 490 men to the battle and lost 20 casualties. LACEY, By the fall of 1776, the 9th Virginia Regiment had over 700 names on its muster roll. He was probably not actually a member of the In 1896, Yerby was a "wealthy and respected citizen of The charge that day earned the regiment the nickname the brave and rash 9th.[16] The advance of the 9th Virginia also passed by the British 1st Battalion of Light Infantry and forced them to withdraw. 1862, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9th_Virginia_Cavalry_Regiment&oldid=1126802775, Units and formations of the Confederate States Army from Virginia, Military units and formations established in 1862, Military units and formations disestablished in 1865, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 December 2022, at 09:07. Conscript assigned to 9th Cav. b. Sept. 1814. att. The effects of the battle were still felt by the men and the communities on the Eastern Shore decades after the Revolution. Fifty-eight men were still enlisted in the 9th Virginia in September 1778, of which twenty-three were present and fit for duty. This individual was shown as surgeon of the regiment, with no other Matthew Holmes on Instagram: "Pvt. Josephus Zechariah Gregory [6th JAVASCRIPT IS DISABLED. GERLING, Paroled at Bowling Green, 5/5/65. The regiment served in the Department of Norfolk and in June, 1862, totalled 435 men. JONES, Cavalry before joining the regiment. The only record in Short's file documents his desertion near Suffolk on The 1st through 9th Virginia Regiments were reconstituted in the Continental Army as regiments raised to serve for the duration of the war. b. Aug. 25, 1846. on oath on 5/30/65. b. but no dates or details are available. Monekin Baptist Church. The Civil War in the East CWE Home C.S. The 100 Best American Revolution Books of All Time, founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-09-02-0646, founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-10-02-0107, founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-11-02-0403, The Eastern Shore Battalion: The Story of the 9th Virginia Regiment, Perspectives on the Ten Crucial Days of the Revolution, This Week on Dispatches: Gene Procknow on Ethan Allen and Revolutionary-Era Newspapers. 9th Cavalry Regiment completed its organization at Portsmouth, Virginia, in July, 1861. The only record on this Garnett served with the regiment as a surgeon, until he was d. October 20, 1915 in Stafford Co. age 82. regiment. : It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia. In 1970, students at Miami (Ohio) University formed a group called the 9th Virginia Regiment, and recreated part of George Washington's Continental Army that fought from Fort Pitt into Ohio . Its virtually what you craving currently. [4]James Ashby Land Bounty Record, VAS2299, Southern Campaign American Revolution Pension Statements and Rosters, revwarapps.com. Surprised, the 9th was driven farther into the British camp where it was beset by the brigade of Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey and the 2nd British Light Infantry Battalion. This Media And Culture Campbell 9th , as one of the most practicing sellers here will very be accompanied by the best options to review. 1 (1911), 63. 9TH VIRGINIA REGIMENT - Valley Forge Muster Roll On a list of rebel deserters who took the oath at City Point on 4/12/65 and [5]Edgar Woods, Albemarle County in Virginia(The Michie Company; Charlottesville, VA 1901), 211. Your email address will not be published. Lieutenant-colonel itth Virginia, November, 1776; colonel 2d Virginia, September 26, 1777. This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article "9th_Virginia_Infantry_Regiment" (); it is used under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.You may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the CC-BY-SA. The 9th Virginia Regiment was authorized in the Virginia State Troops on January 11, 1776. W.A. had been a physician for 18 years. Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Waller was promoted to colonel, Major Samuel A. Swann was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and Robert H. Pratt was promoted to major. He became an aide on Ewell's staff Transferred to the 9th Cavalry in Jan. 1865 (had served earlier in the 47th b. Jan. 14, 1845, near Farmers Fork, Richmond Co. m. (1) Laura P. Hall m. (2) [11] Pvt. He took the oath and was sent to Baltimore. The 9th Virginia completed its organization at Portsmouth, Virginia, in July, 1861. On this week's Dispatches, host Brady Crytzer interviews history teacher and JAR contributor John Settle on the story of the 9th Virginia Regiment, the Eastern Shore Battalion, during the American Revolution.. New episodes of Dispatches are available for free every Saturday evening (Eastern United States Time) on iTunes, Stitcher, Google Play, Amazon Music, and the JAR Dispatches web site. The 9th West Virginia Infantry Regiment was organized at Guyandotte, in western Virginia between November 28, 1861, and April 30, 1862. The 9th Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. 9th Virginia Infantry Regiment - Wikipedia Press Esc to cancel. HART, Deserted 9/7/64, sent to Philadelphia. 9th Regiment, Virginia Cavalry (Confederate) FamilySearch It : Thomas Walker brought his company of riflemen from Albemarle County, while Capt. Its early service consisted of guarding towns along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean and Chesapeake Bay and suppressing any disturbances from local Tories. HAWTHORN, : The 13th Virginia Regiment was a United States infantry regiment during the American Revolutionary War. RUTLEDGE, No further record. . In July 1776, Colonel Fleming marched 120 soldiers from the 9th Virginia (approximately two companies) to the Eastern Shore of Maryland to suppress a Tory uprising there. 9. Virginia infanteriregiment - 9th Virginia Infantry Regiment Took the oath and went to I have been wondering if there is any record of what happened to him after capture. as a member of the 9th Virginia Cavalry. Inf.). JOHNSON, CHARLES A.: U.Va. No During the advance into the British camp, Stephens rode up to the 9th Virginia, who he described as advancing with spirit. He ordered them to charge at a body of British troops in his front. b. Jan. 14, 1845, near Farmers Fork, Richmond Co. m. (1) Laura P. Hall m. (2) The 9th Virginia marched as part of Gen. Nathanael Greenes wing and formed part of the attack on the British right flank. The unit was adopted into the Continental Army on May 31, 1776. The counties of Accomack and Northampton constituted one district and was referred to as Accomack District Minute Battalion. F Company, 310th Infantry Regiment (United States) - Wikipedia Deserted 9/7/64, sent to Philadelphia. Some of the men serving as sharpshooters in the vicinity of theRummel Barnbut most of the Command participating in the charges made by the Cavalry during the afternoon. here. Beale, Company A, Stafford Rangers, established May 6th 1861Company B, Caroline Light Dragoons, established May 6th 1861Company C, Lees Light Horse (Westmoreland), established May 25th 1861Company D, Lancaster Cavalry, established April 25th 1861Company E, Mercer Calvary (Spotsylvania), established April 25th 1861Company F, Essex Light Dragoons, established June 10th 1861Company G, Lunenburg Light Dragoons, established June 7th 1861Company H, Lees Rangers (King William), established June 10th 1861Company I, Potomac Cavalry (King George), established October 12th 1861Company K, Richmond County Cavalry, established October 24th 1861. JOE: On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Philadelphia. regiment. SAUNDERS, JOHN EVANS: Its companies were from the counties of Stafford, Caroline, Westmoreland, Lancaster, Essex, Spotsylvania, Lunenburg, King William, King George, and Richmond. 11th Virginia Regiment, 1776-1778 . American Revolution 9th Virginia Regiment - RevWarTalk [25] The pay rolls of the 9th Virginia taken after Germantown indicate that 185 officers and men were killed, wounded, or captured at Germantown. RUSSELL: I am wondering, however, about the timing of Mr. [3]Ibid., 58; The Ancestors and Descendants of John Rolfe with Notes on Some Connected Families. Of the eighty-five men he listed, eighteen (just over one fifth) were either killed at Germantown or died at the Walnut Street Jail. POW at Bermuda Hundred, 4/4/65, took the oath and went to Philadelphia. However, one common denominator I note was Capt. W.F. : 1861. HENRY: JAMES WILLIAM. but no dates or details are available. [8]William Dews Pension S8312, Southern Campaign American Revolution Pension Statements and Rosters. [40]Journal of the House of Delegates of the Commonwealth of Virginia, 17. Physician. These companies and the two added were from the counties of Stafford, Caroline, Westmoreland, Lancaster, Essex, Spotsylvania, Lunenburg, King William, King George, and Richmond. b. June 1838 in Albemarle Co. off. Lt. Gen. James Longstreet. man is a U.S. file showing that he deserted in April 1865. [34] Sgt. [1]E.M. Sanchez-Saavedra, A Guide to Virginia Military Organizations in the American Revolution, 1774-1787(Heritage Books; Westminster, MD 2007), 12. Virginia Civil War Confederate Infantry Units FamilySearch Garnett served with the regiment as a surgeon, Transferred to the 9th Cavalry in Jan. 1865 (had served earlier in the 47th Settle has no official record with the 9th Cavalry, his service is affirmed by No other records. : Conscript assigned to 9th Cav. 9th Virginia Regiment - Wikiwand The Goolsby brothers, Benjamin Taylor, and other men of the regiment died alongside around 275 other Americans at the Walnut Street Jail. Johnson served as Lt. Col. then Col. of the 9th Cav. In addition, at least six men from the regiment were killed or wounded in the battle, including Capt. : Commissioned VMI and U.Va. It fought in many conflicts from Seven Pines to Gettysburg and after serving in North Carolina participated in the Battle of Drewry's Bluff. William H.F. Lee replaced Johnston as colonel. This was very informative, thank you. PDF Media And Culture Campbell 9th Cgeprginia - cgep.virginia.edu : in May 1863. d. King William THOMAS: Organized February-March 1776 on Eastern Shore from Accomac, Northampton, Goochland, Albemarle and Augusta Counties. The unit was adopted into the Continental Army on May 31, 1776. : The 9th Virginia Regiment was authorized in the Virginia State Troops on January 11, 1776. [24]Samuel Waples Pension, W6427, Southern Campaign American Revolution Pension Statements and Rosters. If you visit these pages please put a note in the guestbook. [1] The regiment penetrated so deeply into the British lines that it was isolated. We are known as the Ninth Virginia Cavalry, Inc. , a non-profit corporation located on the west coast in the state of Oregon. Appointed 4/10/62. His only record is a slip showing his parole at Louisa C.H., 5/15/65. : This may have worked if a British soldier had not pulled up the plank above Clark. Accomack County native Robert Russell witnessed the death of his comrade Elijah Hickman as he stood next to him, while Russell himself was wounded in the groin. [8] This further reduced the number of companies in the regiment to eight, and with disease and other men detached to serve in Gen. William Maxwells light infantryin September 1777, the regiment reported 224 officers and men present with the regiment.[9]. [35] Pvt. Cavalry before joining the regiment. [29]Thorsten Sellin, Philadelphia Prisons of the Eighteenth Century, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society43, no.